Communication - Battery Management System - Block Diagram

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Imaging","path":null,"children":[{"id":"7780a3f3-3fe2-4f1c-a8f4-f873ed853c45_IBD_DIAGRAM","parentId":"d17e7410-a519-48f1-887a-1644e3a10c78_IBD_SUBSOLUTION","text":"Digital Radiography","path":"/design/interactive-block-diagrams/medical/digital-radiography","children":[]}]}]}]

Diagram

Battery Management System - Block Diagram

Battery management system integrates cell monitoring, balancing, current sensing, communication, diagnostics, and protection functions to ensure battery safety, operational reliability, lifespan optimization, and energy efficiency.

"longDescription": "Detailed Description of Each Block", "blocks": [ { "name": "Main Battery/AC/DC Source", "function": "Provides the primary energy source for the battery management system and battery pack.", "theory_of_operation": "Supplies DC power from a battery source or receives converted power from an external AC/DC source. The power is distributed to the switching and power management circuits.", "interaction": "Provides power to the Gate Drivers, Switches, and Power Supply blocks.", "category": "Third party", "connection": [ "Switches" ] }, { "name": "Power Supply", "function": "Generates regulated supply rails required by the electronics within the battery management system.", "theory_of_operation": "Converts and regulates the input voltage into multiple stable voltage domains required by control, sensing, memory, and communication circuits.", "interaction": "Distributes regulated voltages to the MCU and internal circuitry.", "connection": [ "MCU", "Gate Drivers" ], "sub_blocks": [ { "name": "DC-DC Converter", "function": "Converts the input voltage to an intermediate regulated voltage with high efficiency.", "theory_of_operation": "Uses switching conversion techniques and feedback control loops to regulate output voltage.", "interaction": "Receives power from the Main Battery/AC/DC Source and supplies regulated power to downstream circuits.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] }, { "name": "LDO", "function": "Provides low-noise regulated voltages for sensitive circuitry.", "theory_of_operation": "Uses linear regulation to maintain a stable output voltage with low ripple and noise.", "interaction": "Supplies clean power rails for logic, sensing, and communication circuits.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] } ] }, { "name": "MCU", "function": "Acts as the central controller of the battery management system.", "theory_of_operation": "Executes firmware algorithms to collect measurements, control balancing functions, manage protection mechanisms, and coordinate communication with external systems.", "interaction": "Communicates bi-directionally with Cells Control. Receives information from Sensing blocks. Controls Gate Drivers. Interfaces with Memory and Communication modules.", "category": "Third party", "connection": [ "Gate Drivers", "Cells Control", "Memory", "Communication" ] }, { "name": "Sensing", "function": "Acquires battery operating parameters used for monitoring and protection.", "theory_of_operation": "Converts physical battery conditions into electrical signals that can be processed by the MCU.", "interaction": "Measures battery parameters and sends measurement data to the MCU and control circuitry.", "connection": [ "MCU" ], "sub_blocks": [ { "name": "Current Sensing", "function": "Measures charge and discharge current flowing through the battery system.", "theory_of_operation": "Uses current sensing elements and signal-conditioning circuitry to generate a measurable representation of battery current.", "interaction": "Provides current measurements to the MCU for battery monitoring and protection.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] }, { "name": "Pressure Sensing", "function": "Monitors battery pressure conditions to support safety monitoring.", "theory_of_operation": "Detects pressure changes and converts them into electrical signals for processing.", "interaction": "Provides pressure measurements to the MCU and protection functions.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] } ] }, { "name": "Gate Drivers", "function": "Controls the switching devices responsible for battery connection and protection functions.", "theory_of_operation": "Amplifies and translates control signals from the MCU into the voltage and current levels required to drive power switches.", "interaction": "Receives control commands from the MCU and sensing information from monitoring circuits. Controls the Switches block.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [ "Switches" ] }, { "name": "Switches", "function": "Connects or disconnects the battery pack from the load or charging source for protection and control.", "theory_of_operation": "Uses semiconductor switching devices to control current flow based on commands received from the Gate Drivers.", "interaction": "Receives control signals from Gate Drivers and manages power flow to the battery cells.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [ "Battery Cells" ] }, { "name": "Cells Control", "function": "Monitors and balances individual battery cell voltages.", "theory_of_operation": "Measures cell voltages and controls balancing circuitry to maintain uniform charge levels across all cells in the battery pack.", "interaction": "Communicates bi-directionally with the MCU and interfaces directly with battery cells.", "connection": [ "MCU", "Battery Cells" ], "sub_blocks": [ { "name": "Voltage Balancing", "function": "Equalizes cell voltages within the battery pack.", "theory_of_operation": "Transfers or dissipates energy from higher-voltage cells to minimize voltage imbalance among cells.", "interaction": "Operates under MCU supervision while connected to individual battery cells.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] }, { "name": "Voltage Monitoring", "function": "Measures individual cell voltages.", "theory_of_operation": "Uses precision measurement circuitry to continuously monitor cell voltage levels.", "interaction": "Reports voltage information to the MCU and balancing circuitry.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [] } ] }, { "name": "Battery Cells", "function": "Stores energy and forms the battery pack through a series connection of multiple cells.", "theory_of_operation": "Electrochemical cells store and release electrical energy. Multiple cells are connected in series to achieve the required pack voltage.", "interaction": "Provides energy to the system while being monitored, balanced, and protected by the battery management system.", "category": "Third party", "connection": [] }, { "name": "Memory", "function": "Stores firmware, configuration parameters, calibration data, and historical battery information.", "theory_of_operation": "Retains digital information accessed by the MCU during system operation.", "interaction": "Exchanges data with the MCU.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [ "MCU" ] }, { "name": "Communication", "function": "Provides external communication capabilities for monitoring, diagnostics, and control.", "theory_of_operation": "Implements communication interfaces that exchange data between the battery management system and external controllers or monitoring systems.", "interaction": "Exchanges system status, telemetry, and commands with the MCU.", "category": "onsemi", "connection": [ "MCU" ] } ], "interconnections": [ { "source": "Main Battery/AC/DC Source", "target": "Switches" }, { "source": "Power Supply", "target": "MCU" }, { "source": "Power Supply", "target": "Gate Drivers" }, { "source": "Sensing", "target": "MCU" }, { "source": "MCU", "target": "Gate Drivers" }, { "source": "Gate Drivers", "target": "Switches" }, { "source": "Switches", "target": "Battery Cells" }, { "source": "Cells Control", "target": "Battery Cells" }, { "source": "Cells Control", "target": "MCU" }, { "source": "MCU", "target": "Cells Control" }, { "source": "Battery Cells", "target": "Cells Control" }, { "source": "MCU", "target": "Memory" }, { "source": "Memory", "target": "MCU" }, { "source": "MCU", "target": "Communication" }, { "source": "Communication", "target": "MCU" } ], "Last_update": "2026-08-13",

Communication - Block

Products

Wired Transceivers & Modems
- NCV7343
  CAN FD Transceiver, Low Power, with INH, WAKE and Error Detection
- NCV7340
  CAN Transceiver, High Speed, Low Power
- NCV7342
  CAN Transceiver, High Speed, Low Power
- NCV7451
  System Basis Chip with CAN FD, LDO Regulator and Wake-up Comparator
- NCV7450
  System Basis Chip with CAN FD, LDO Regulator and HS Driver

Technical Documentation

Evaluation Boards/Kits

NCV7450V1GEVB
NCV7450 System basis Chip Evaluation Board
NCV7451V1GEVB
NCV7451 System basis Chip Evaluation Board
SEC-EPS-12V-APM19-GEVB
A 12V EPS reference design board featuring APM19

FAQs

1. Why is a BMS essential in electric and hybrid vehicles?

A BMS is essential because it protects the battery from overvoltage, undervoltage, overheating, and overcurrent. By actively managing battery states, it improves safety, reliability, and energy efficiency, which are critical for electric and hybrid vehicle operation.

2. How does a BMS monitor battery health and state?

BMS monitors battery health by continuously measuring cell voltages, pack current, and temperatures. Using these inputs, it calculates state of charge and state of health, enabling accurate range estimation and early detection of aging or faulty cells.

3. What is cell balancing and why is it important?

Cell balancing equalizes the charge level of individual battery cells. It is important because imbalanced cells reduce usable capacity and can accelerate degradation, impacting battery lifetime, safety, and overall vehicle range.

4. How does a BMS support fast charging?

A BMS supports fast charging by precisely controlling charge currents and monitoring cell temperatures and voltages in real time. This allows the system to maximize charging speed while preventing overheating, overvoltage, and premature battery degradation.

5. How does the onsemi Interactive Block Diagram help me select parts and build a worksheet/BOM?

The onsemi interactive block diagram lets you select a taxonomy, choose devices per block, and download a worksheet. If you need a deeper dive into the tool, watch our tutorial video.

Worksheet (BOM)

You can create a multi-block worksheet by navigating to various sub-group diagram blocks, selecting relevant products, and compiling them.

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